PARTS OF SPEECH-SEMESTER 1- STRUCTURE

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

Latar Belakang

                Parts of  Speech adalah jenis-jenis kata atau kelas-kelas kata. Kata-kata tersebut merupakan bahan dasar didalam ebuah kalimat bukan fungsi kata ddidalam kalimat. Mengapa demikian ? karena sebuah kata bisa mempunyai beberapa fungsi dalam kalimat.

Kata-kata tersebut menurut kegunaannya dalam kaimat dibagi dalam 9 Parts of Speech :

1.       Noun ( kata benda)

2.       Verb ( kata kerja)

3.       Pronoun ( kata ganti benda)

4.       Adjective ( kata sifat / kata keadaan)

5.       Article ( kata sandang )

6.       Adverb ( kata keterangan)

7.       Preposition ( kata depan)

8.       Conjunction ( kata sambung)

9.       Interjection ( kata seru)

Rumusan Masalah

Jadi, berdasarkan latar belakang diatas, maka Penulis merumuskan beberapa hal yang menjadi pembahasan pada makalah ini yaitu :

*        FORMS

*        KINDS

*        FUNCTION

*        TYPES

*        USAGE OF....etc

Tujuan Penulis

Adapun yang menjadi tujuan utama penulisan Makalah ini yaitu menambah pengetahuan secara lebih spesifik dan keahlian dalam memahami Speech.

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

NOUN

Menurut Webster’s Dictionary : “Noun is the name of any person, place or thing”, kata benda merupakan kata yang memberikan nama  terhadap orang , tempat atau benda.

·         Sri  buys a house in a village

i.            FORMS OF NOUNS

Berdasarkan bentuknya noun dibagi dalam 2 golongan yang berbeda, yakni :

1.       Concrete Nouns ( kata benda konkret)

·         I always eat good food  and drink a lot of water every day

2.       Abstract nouns ( kata benda abstrak )

·         Thank you very much for your kindness

ii.            KINDS OF NOUNS

Menurut macamnya noun dibagi menjadi empat, yakni :

1.       Proper nouns     :  kata benda nama diri yang menunjukkan nama orang, tempat atau kata benda. Dan harus ditulis dengan huruf besar. Misalnya :

·         Kisaran, Batubara, Medan,Surabaya

·         Sri Hastuti, Bengawan Solo, Sunda, etc

2.       Common nouns : kata benda umum yang menyatakan benda-benda dalam pengertian yang umum.

·         Car, book, house, women, mountain, etc

3.       Collective nouns : kata benda kolektif yang menyatakan suatu kumpulan atau kelompok benda, hewan, orang, atau lainnya.

·         People

·         Audience

·         Fleet, etc

4.       Material nouns  : kata benda material yang menyatakan bahan atau zat dari apa sesuatu terbuat.

·         This ring is made of gold

·         That lady is dressed in cotton

iii.            TYPES OF NOUNS

1.       countable nouns               : kata benda yang dapat dihitung

·         I put my car in the garage

2.       Uncountable nouns        : kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung

·         I drink a glass of coffee

VERB

Verb is part of speech that expresess action, being, or state of being. Kata kerja adalah jenis kata yang menyatakan suatu tindakan, suatu prihal, atau suatu keadaan.

1.       Sri runs                                         ( Sri berlari )

2.       Sri is run to hospital                 ( Sri dilarikan ke rumah sakit )

3.       Sri is sick                                       ( Sri sakit)

Pada kalimat 1 kata “run” menyatakan tindakan  yang Sri lakukan, verb ini menjawab pertanyaan : what does Sri do?

Pada kalimat 2 verb “is run” menyatakan tentang prihal yang dilakukan Sri, verb ini menjawab pertanyaan : what is done to Sri?

Pada kalimat 3 verb “is”  menerangkan bagaimana keadaan Sri, dan menjawab pertanyaan : hoe is Sri?

i.            KINDS OF VERBS

Menurut macamnya, kata kerja dibagi dalam 2 golongan yang berbeda , yakni ;

1.       Transitive vebs : verb yang masih memerlukan hadirnya object

·         Sri buys…… WHAT?  Sri buys a new car

2.       Intransitive vebs  : tidak lagi memerlukan hadirnya object

·         I drove very carefully

·         That man sleeps

ii.            TYPES OF VERB

Menurut jenisnya kata kerja dibagi dalam  dua golongan yang berbeda, yakni :

1.       Regular verbs

·         I work very hard every day

·         I worked very hard the whole day yesterday

·         I have worked very hard since 8 o’clock this morning

Dalam cara penambahan akhiran –ed ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan, yakni :

·         Study                    - studied

·         Destroy                                - destroyed

·         Stop                       - stopped

·         Submit                  - submitted

2.       Irregular verbs

·         He steals  my mangoes every night

·         A thief stole my car last night

·         That woman has stolen a bracelet from a jewelry store

Cara terbaik dalam mempelajari Irregular verb adalah dengan menghafalkannya.

iii.            USAGES OF VERBS

Pemakaian kata kerja dibagi dalam 3 goglongan yang berbeda, yakni :

1.       Infinitive verbs ( kata kerja bentuk I )

·         I play a piano well

·         He gives me much money

2.       Preterite verbs   ( kata kerja bentuk II )

·         Fani invited me to her party

·         We arrived at university late

3.       Past participle ( kata kerja bentuk III)

·         I am invited to come to her party

·         He has gone home

PRONOUN

Pronoun is a  word used for a instead of a noun. Kata ganti benda ialah  kata yang dipergunakan / menggatikan sebagai kata benda. Or Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Kata ganti benda adalah kata yang menggatikan kata benda.

·         Poniman  gave his  ring to Ponirah, but she returned it to him on their wedding day. ( Poniman memberikan cincinnya kepada Ponirah  tetapi dia mengembalikannya kepadanya pada hari perkawinan mereka ).

Akan lebih efektif jika :

ð   Poniman gave poniman’s ring  to Ponirah. But ponirah  returned to ring to Poniman on Poniman and Ponirah’s wedding day.

i.            FUNCTION OF PRONOUNS

Pronoun mempunyai dua fungsi utama, yakni :

ü  Berdiri sendiri dalam fungsinya sebagai kata benda / nouns

ü   Bertindak sebagai “adjectives/  determiner”    atau “ kata sifat / kata yang menerangkan”, yang menerangkan kata benda dibelakangnya.

Bandingkanlah kedua contoh kalimat dibawah ini :

1.       Erwina is a good wife. I love her very much

2.       Erwina is a good wife. I love her beauty and her honesty

Kata “her” pada kalimat 1 berfungsi sebagai  “pronoun” karena menggantikan kata benda ”erwina” (pronoun). Sedangkan dalam kalimat  2, kata “her” berfungsi sebagai  “adjective” (kata sifat) untuk menerangkan  kata benda  beauty  dan honesty.

ii.            POSITION OF PRONOUNS

1.       Pronoun subject terletak sebelum kata kerja

Eg : she always writes me along  letter

We  appreciate your help

2.       Pronoun object menempati  posisi setelah  verb dan setelah preposition

Eg : Rudi ask me to dance

I have been waiting  for them for an hour

3.       Pronoun object juga  menempati posisi diantara  verb and preposition

Eg : He turns me down

I pick her up  to go around the city

4.       Dalam pemakaian tak resmi kata  ganti benda tertentu seperti  ‘we’ and ‘you’

Eg : We the students often have no money to buy books

You the boy should not cry like that !

iii.            KINDS OF PRONOUNS

Macam ‘pronouns’ dalam bahasa inggris diantaranya adalah :

§  Personal pronoun                    = kata ganti orang

§  Reflexive pronoun                  = kata ganti refleksif

§  Possessive pronoun                               = kata ganti kepunyaan

§  Relative pronoun                     = kata ganti penghubung

§  Demonstrative pronoun       = kata ganti penunjuk

§  Introgative pronoun               = kat ganti penanya

§  Indefinite pronoun                 = kata ganti tak tentu

§  Reciprocal pronoun                 = kata ganti timbal balik

ÿ PERSONAL PRONOUN

NUMBER	PERSONS	SUBJECT	OBJECT	MEANING
Singular	I II III III III	I You He She It	Me You Him Her It	Saya Kamu Dia  ( pria ) Dia ( wanita ) *
Plural	I II III	We You They	Us You Them	Kita Kamu mereka

Eg :

ð  I will never forget you

ð  Ahmad takes Boni to a party               ( He takes her to a party )

ÿ REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

SINGULAR	PLURAL
·         Myself ·         Yourself ·         Himself ·         Herself ·         Itself	·         Ourselves ·         yourselves ·         themselves

Reflexive pronoun mempunyai 3 kegunaan utama yakni :

1)      For Reflexive use

Untuk menyatakan sesuatu  yang mengenai diri sendiri

Eg : He blames himself

        Don’t be so emotion! You should control yourself

2)      For Emphatic use

Untuk memberikan penegasan arti terhadap subject yang melakuan suatu tindakan. Bukan orang lain yang melakukan suatu tindakan melainkan  subject itu sendiri. Dengan ini reflexive pronoun langsung ditempatkan di beakang subject.

Eg : Sri herself gave this present to me

        I  myself  don’t know the answer to that question

3)      By … self = alone

Reflexive pronoun yanb didahului oleh kata ‘by’ mempunyai pengertian sama dengan ‘alone’ dan digunakan untuk memberikan penegasan terhadap pelaku suatu tindakan yang tidak memerlukan bantuan apapun hadirnya pihak lain.

Eg : That old man lives alone à That old man lives by himself

        Sri is afraid to go home alone à Sri is afraid to go home by herself

ÿ POSSESIVE PRONOUN

Personal Pronoun		Possessive		Reflexive Pronoun
Subject	Object	Adjective	Pronouns
I You He She It We You They	Me You Him Her It Us You Them	My Your His Her Its Our Your Their	Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs	Myself Yourself Himself Herself Himself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

ÿ RELATIVE PRONOUN

Perhatikanlah contoh kalimat ini secara seksama :

·         Tono studies English

·         Tono will go abroad next month

è  Tono who studies English will go abroad next month, or

ð  Tono who will go abroad next month studies English

Kinds of relative pronoun :

1.       WHO             : Menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan antecedent orang ( subject)

2.       WHOM         : Menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan antecedent

3.       WHICH          : Menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan antecedent berupa benda ( subject / object )

4.       THAT             : menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan antecedent berupa orang atau benda

   ( subject / object )

5.       WHOSE         : Menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan antecedent berupa kasus kepunyaan ( possessive case )

ÿ DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Eg :

§  This is your book and that is mine

§  These are my books and those are yours

§  Such is my proposal

ÿ INTROGATIVE PRONOUNS

Introgative pronouns sebenarnya mempunyai bentuk yang sama seperti Relative pronouns. Perbedaannya hanyalah bahwa relative pronoun menghubungkan ‘adjective clause’ (anak kalimat pengganti kata sifat ) dengan ‘antecedent’-nya, sedangkan pada ‘introgative pronouns’ kata ganti tersebut digunakan untuk bertanya.

Diantaranya :

F  WHO             = Menanyakan orang (Subject)

F  WHOM         = Menanyakan orang (Object)

F  WHAT           = Menanyakan benda (Subject/Object)

F  WHICH          = Menanyakan orang atau benda (Subject/Object)

F  WHOSE         = Menayakan bentuk kepunyaan.

Eg  :

§  What do you want?

§  Who kissed you last night?

§  Which do you like better, this one or that one?

§  Whose is this house?

§  Whom did you meet there? Etc.

ÿ INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Kata ganti tak tentu ini dibedakan dalam 2 kelompok, yakni :

1.       Yang tertentu ‘orang’ atau ‘benda’-nya

@  Someone            = seseorang

@  Somebody          = seseorang

@  Something          = sesuatu

@  Anyone                                = siapa saja

@  Anybody              = siapa saja

@  Anything              = apa saja

@  No one                 = tak seorangpun

@  No body               = tak seorangpun

@  Nothing                                = tak sesuatupun

@  Everyone             = setiap orang

@  Everybody          = setiap orang

@  Everything          = setiap hal

Eg :

Someone  sent me a letter

she  doesn’t meet anybody  there

2.       Yang tak tertentu ‘quantity’ atsu ‘jumlah’-nya

@  All                           = semua                                                             

@  Another               = satu lainnya

@  Any                        = segala

@  Both                      = keduanya

@  Each                       = masing-masing

@  Either                    = salah satu

@  Few                       = sedikit

@  Least                     = paling sedikit

@  Less                       = lebih sedikit

@  Little                      = sedikit

@  A lot                       = banyak

@  Lots                        = banyak

@  Many                    = banyak

@  Much                    =banyak

@  More                     = lebih banyak

@  Most                     = paling banyak

@  Penty of               = banyak

@  None                     = tak satupun ( banyak)

@  Neither                                = tak satupun (dua)

@  Some                    = beberapa

@  Several                 = beberapa

@  Other(s)               = lainnya

Eg :

Much has been done

All of  them will die together

ÿ RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

Hanya ada dua reciprocal pronouns , yakni :

·         Each other (saling)

·         One other ( satu sama lain)

Eg :

o   Rojali loves Julaika.Julaika loves Rojali

(Rojali and Julaika loves each other )

o   When we are a trouble, we always try to help one another. etc

ADJECTIVE

Adjective is a word use with a noun to add something to its meaning. Kata sifat atau kata keadaan adalah kata yang digunakan  dengan benda untuk menambahkan sesuatu terhadap arti kata benda tersebut.

Eg  :

1.       Beautiful ladies dance                                            ( what kind of ‘ladies’? )

2.       Two beautiful ladies dance                  ( how many ‘ladies’?)

3.       Those two beautiful ladies dance                     (which ‘ladies’ )

i.            TYPES OF ADJECTIVE

Jenis kata sifat umumnya dibagi dalam 2 golongan, yakni :

©       LIMITING ADJECTIVES or DETERMINERS

Yakni kata-kata yang memberikan arti tambahan yang terbatas terhadap kata benda, namun tidak member kata keterangan tentang keadaan macam, sifat, rasa dan sebagainya. Yang termasuk dalam LIMITING ADJECTIVES or DETERMINERS adalah :

·         Articles                                                 : a, an, the

·         Demonstrative adjectives                            : this, these, that, those

·         Possessive adjectives                    : my, your, his, her, our, their, its,Tono’s,the boy’s,etc

·         Numeral adjectives                                         :  cardinal and ordinal

·         Adjectives of indefinite Quantity              : some, few, all. Many, several. Etc

·         Relative and indefinite quantity                : which , what, whose

©       DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES

·         Size                        : big, small. Litle,etc

·         Shape                   : round, flat, square, etc

·         Tastes                   : bitter, sweet,, sour, delicious, etc

·         Colors                   : white, green, black, etc

·         Quality                  : beautiful, lazy, diligent

·         States                   : young, old, dry, wet, cold, etc

Beberapa  “descriptive adjectives” mempunyai bentuk-bentuk sebagai berikut :

1.       Proper adjectives / adj nama diri

·         Indonesian people

·         English book

2.       Present participle adjectives  / adj dari v + ing

·         An interesting story

·         A dining room

3.       Past participle adjectives /  adj dari v bentuk III

·         A broken chair

·         A stolen car

4.       Compound adjectives /  adj majemuk

·         A good looking girl

·         English speaking people

·         A dark-eyed-girl

Eg :

ü  I like to eat the Padangese restaurant  ( proper adjective)

ü  We have an interesting story  for you ( present participle adjective )

ü  This  is a stolen car  ( past participle adjective)

ü  The dark-eyed-girl is very beautiful (compound adjective)

ii.            FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES

1.       Adjective used as nouns

·         In democracy everyonehas the same right, either the rich ( the rich people ) or the poor  ( the poor people) are treated the same

·         Only the brave ( the brave men ) can reach the top of the mountain

2.       Adjective used as verbs,adverbs and adjectives

·         You make me feel uneasy ( verb )

·         Your idea goes far ahead  ( adverb)

·         Deep in my heart I still love him (adjective)

iii.            POSITON OF ADJECTIVES

1.       Posisi ‘adj’ dalam hubungannya dengan ‘nouns’

a.       Before ‘nouns’

·         A handsome boy come to my house

b.      After ‘nouns’

·         A tree two meters high

2.       Posisi ‘adj’ dalam hubungannya dengan ‘verbs’

a.       Adjective menempati dibelakang ‘lingking verb’

·         Susi is lazy

b.      Menempati posisi dibelakang ‘verbs’ dan ‘objectnya’

·         You make me angry

c.       Menempati posisi dibelakang ‘verbs’ dalam jalinan hubungan ‘verbs adjective’ yang menerangkan suatu keadaan

·         Don’t talk too much ! just keep silent

3.       Posisi adjective dalam hubungannya dengan ‘nouns’

a.       After / behind pronouns

·         He tired to make her happy

b.      Before / in front pronoun

·         I don’t like this black shirt. Give me the blue one !

ARTICLE

Article is a word that comes before a noun .  Kata sandang ialah kata yang hadir sebelum kata benda.

i.                    TYPES OF ARTICLE

Article dibedakan dalam 2 jenis yang berbeda , yakni :

®  Indefinite article à A and An

Eg :

A car                              An apple

A book                          An answer

A university                                An umbrella

NOTES :                A   :  Used in front of words that begin with the consonant sound

An : Used in front of words the begin with the vowel sound

SPECIALS USES OF “A” AND “AN”

1.       Digunakan dalam kalimat perumpamaan

·         He is as strong as a horse

·         Bali is a paradise of Indonesia

2.       A / An  digunakan  setelah ‘such’ and ‘what’ diikuti kata benda tunggal

·         Oh My God ! what a stupid person you are !

·         I dislike such an illegal action

3.       A / An digunakan menerangkan kata yang menerangkan jumlah yang lebih dari satu didepan kata : few, little, lot

ð  A few            = sedikit (countable noun )

ð  A lot of         = banyak ( countable noun and uncountable noun)

ð  A little           = sedikit ( uncountable noun)

·         I buy only a few books

·         She drinks a little waters  in linch time

·         I supplies himself with a lot of fresh water

4.       A/ An juga digunakan dalam ungkapan – ungkapan khusus ( idioms)

Eg :

·         Take a nap           = tidur sebentar

·         Take a bath         =  mandi

·         Take a trip           = mengadakan perjalanan

·         Do a favor           = membantu

·         As a rule               = biasanya

·         Tell a lie                = berbohong

·         Make a fool of   = membohongi

·         Etc.

®  Definite article à The

Eg :

The car                         The honesty

The book                     The ink

The girl                         The  answer

NOTES :                The (¶e)                :  Used in front of words that begin with the consonant sound

The  (¶i)                :  Used in front of words the begin with the vowel sound

SPECIALS USES OF “THE”

1.       ‘The’ yang mendapat tekanan suara dalam pengucapannya dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keunikan.

Eg :

·         He is the singer of the year

·         Ari is the Chairil Anwar of our time

2.       ‘The’ dengan nama orang dalam bentuk jamak dapat menunjuk pada keluarga atau marga orang tersebut :

Eg :

·         The  Misro live in simplicity ( keluarga Misro)

·         The Anwars, the Harahap, the Sahulates are all citizens of Indonesia.

3.       ‘The’ digunakan didepan nama lengkap, nama lembaga, organisasi, perkumpulan, pergerakan, etc.

Eg :

·         The United Nation Organization, The ASEAN, etc

4.       ‘The’ digunakan didepan nama jabatan, pangkat, undang-undang, nama kitab, angkatan, etc

Eg :

·         The King, the President, the mayor

·         The Civil Law, the UUD 45, the bible, the Surabaya post, etc.

5.       ‘The’ digunakan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan yang bersifat khusus ( idioms)

Eg :

·         Tell the truth                      = berbicara yang sebenarnya

·         By the way                          = ngomong-ngomong

·         In the long run                  = dalam jangka panjang / pada hakekatnya

·         In the name of                  = atas nama

·         On the other hand          = dilain pihak

·         On the whole                    = pada umumnya

·         In the meantime              = sementara waktu

·         Etc.

OMMISION OF ARTICLES / PENGHAPUSAN KATA SANDANG

Semua kata sandang baik ‘A’ and ‘AN’ ataupun ‘THE’ dapat ditiadakan apabila :

y  Terdapat ‘determiner’ lainnya didepan kata benda

Eg :

W    He borrowed a car                                          He borrowed my car

W    She needs the money                                    She needs that money

W   

ARTICLES

DETERMINERS

I wait for an hour                                             I wait for one hour

                                                                                               

y  ‘The’, ‘A’, ‘An’ tidak dipergunakan didepan benda-benda bersifat umum dan menyeluruh

Eg :

v  Milk  is good for our health

v  Everybody needs air and water  in this life

y  Articles tidak diperlukan didepan nama orang, nama tempat ( kota, pulau, Negara, jalan, sungai, danau, etc ), kecuali jika nama tersebut beralih fungsi sebagai  adjectives untuk menerangkan kata benda dibelakangnya, maka article ‘The’ tetap digunakan.

Eg :

v  They go to Bali to see the Baliness dance

v  The Amir family is very rich. I met Amir yesterday

v  I go to Jakarta too see the Jakarta fair

y  Articles juga tidak digunakan didepan  ‘abstract nouns’ yang mempunyai pengertian umum

Eg :

v  I respect friendship and brotherhood

v  Wisdom is the key for happiness and  peace .

y  Beberapa ungkapan-ungkapan idioms juga tidak memerlukan articles

v  Take care of       = merawat

v  Shake hands      = berjabat tangan

v  Have faith in       = percaya pada

v  In debt                 = berhutang

v  Be half of             = atas nama

v  In fact                   = kenyataannya

v  Etc.

ADVERBS

Adverb is a word  which adds something to the meaning of a verbs, adjective or another adverb. Kata keterangan adalah kata yang menambahkan sesuatu terhadap arti kata kerja, kata sifat atau kata keterangan lainnya.

i.            FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS

Inilah fungsi-fungsi ‘Adverb’ tersebut :

1.       Adverb as modifier of a verb

Kata keterangan adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja

E  Hendra walks slowly

2.       Adverb as modifier (intensifier) of an adjective

Kata keterangan sebagai kata yang menerangkan (mengeraskan arti) kata sifat

E  Sari is very beautiful

3.       Adverb as modifier ( intensifier) of another ‘adverb’

Kata keterangan sebagai kata yang menerangkan ( mengeraskan arti) kata keterangan yang lain

E  Ani sings very beautiful

4.       Adverb as modifier of an entire sentence

Menerangkan isi kalimat secara keseluruhan, bukan hanya menerangkan kata kerja-nya saj.

E  Fortunately Sri jumped very quickly

Yang termasuk dalam kata keterangan ini adalah :

F  Fortunately ( untunglah)

F  Unexpectedly ( secara tidak terduga)

F  Actually ( sesungguhnya)

F  Presumably ( kiranya)

F  Evidently ( teranglah)

F  Obviously ( jelaslah)

F  Perhaps

F 

(mungkin)

Maybe

F  Possibly

F  Probably

F  Etc .

ii.            TYPES OF ADVERBS

Jenis kata keterangan dalam bahasa inggris dibedakan dalam 2 kelompok, jenis kata keterangan menurut :

Z  Meaning

Z  Function

k  CLASSIFIED BY MEANING / PENGELOMPOKAN BERDASARKAN ARTI

Yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini, adalah :

1.        Adverb of time                        = kata keterangan waktu

2.       Adverb of manner                   = kata keterangan cara

3.       Adverb of degree                    = kata keterangan tingkat

4.       Adverb of place                        = kata keterangan tempat

5.       Adverb of direction                 = kata keterangan arah

6.       Adverb of frequency              = kata keterangn frekuensi

Eg :

.  Taufik always goes  westward home very quickly on Sunday

k  CLASSIFIED BY FUNCTIONS / PENGELOMPOKAN BERDASARKAN FUNGSI

Berdasarkan pada fungsinya dalam kalimat, kata keterangan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi :

1.       Sentence adverb

2.       Conjunctive adverb

3.       Explanatory adverb

4.       Relative adverb

5.       Interogative adverb

6.       Exclamatory adverb

Perhatikan pembahasan masing-masing adverb tersebut :

1.       Sentence adverb

Sebuah  adverb juga dapat menerangkan  atau menambahkan sesuatu terhadap arti kalimat secara keseluruhan, dan bukan hanya pada kata kerjanya saja.

☺     Actually Estu loves me very much

Kata Actually lebih mencerminkan pendapat yang lebih bebas si pembicara, dan tidak menerangkan kata  kerja “loves” saja, namun menerangkan sesuatu terhadap arti keseluruhan kalimat Estu loves me very much

Teremasuk kategori kata keterangan ini adalah :

·         Fortunately, unexpectedly, actually, presumably,

·         Evidently, obviously, perhaps, maybe, possibly,

·         Probably,  in my opinion, by all means, by no means,

·         Indeed, as a matter of fact, etc

2.       Conjunctive adverb

Kata keterangan ini dapat berfungsi menciptakan suatu hubungan antara  satu kalimat atau anak kalimat dengan kalimat atau anak kalimat sebelumnya. Sebetulnya  ‘Cobjunctive Adverb’ juga merupakan  ‘transitional expressions’ atau ungkapan transisi yang wujudnya bisa berupa sebuah kata tunggal atau phrase, dan seperti halnya ‘sentence adverbs’ kata keterangan ini juga menerangkan  kalimat secara keseluruhan, namun sekaligus juga menyatakan suatu hubungan.

Hubungan tersebut adalah :

a)      Cause and effect / sebab akibat :

Eg :

·         Because, therefore, thus, hence, consequently,accordingly, as a result, then ,etc.

\      He didn’t have breakfast. Therefore he is hungry now

\      I went to bed so late last night. Thus I am very sleepy,

b)      Addition / augmentation ( tambahan)

Eg :

·         As well as, furthermore, moreover, besides, in additions, next, etc .

\      Nisa sings beautifully. Moreover, she acts very well

\      Risna is very rich. Furthermore , she is very clever

c)       Contrast / kontras ( berlawanan )

Eg :

·         However, nevertheless, even so, even though, but, on the contrary, on the other hand, yet, etc

\      I have no money, yet  I can still smile

\      He was dead already, however  his name is still remembered

d)      Comparison / similarity ( perbandingan / persamaan)

Eg :

·         Similarly, likewise, in a  like manner, in the same way, in similar manner, etc.

\      Mr.Agus works round the clock. Likewise his wife never stops working before midnight

\      We breathe pollute air from factory, similarly the carbon dioxide come in to our lung from the cars on the street.

e)      Time relationship/ hubungan waktu

Eg :

·         Then, first, since, meanwhile, in the mean time, until, at last, finally, as long as, shortly, etc.

\      First He designs the building, Then  He sets up the constructions

\      I will wait here  until you come

\      Someone broke the window, in the meantime two of His friends were keeping the guard at the gate.

3.       Explanatory adverb

Kata keterangan jenis ini berfungsi memberikan penjelasan atau penggambaran. Termasuk dalam kelompok Adverbs ini adalah :

·         Namely = yakni, for example = misalnya, as

·         i.e = that is= yakni, e.g = for example = misalnya,

·         viz = namely = yakni

\      you can apply that method when, for example you want to estimate the total cost of such business operation.

\      It is your duty,  that is  you must finish this job in time. Etc.

4.       Relative adverbs

Relative adverb ini bentuknya sama dengan ‘introgative adverbs’ yang berupa kata Tanya seperti : when, why, how, where, etc. Perbedaanya adalah bahwa ‘ relative adverbs’ ini tidak digunakan untuk bertanya, melainkan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat menjadi satu.

Eg :

·         This is the location where  I will build my house

*        This is where   I will build my house

·         That is the reason why  I hate her so much

*        That is  why I hate her so much

·         Please, show me the way how  you make your great success !

*        Please, show me the way make your great success !

5.       Introgative adverbs

Berfungsi membentuk pertanyaan, dan bentuknya memang berupa kata Tanya untuk menanyakan : waktu , tempat, cara, alas an, etc.

Eg :

·         Why did you cry last night ?

·         When does your sister plan to get marreid?

·         How did she  come here this morning ?

·         Where will you go on your vocation ?

·         Etc.

6.       Exclamatory adverbs

Adverb ini merupakan ‘adjective’ dan ‘adverb’ yang lain dan sekaligus menunjukkan seruan atau rasa takjub.

Eg :

·         How beautiful you are, sweet-heart  ( beautiful = adj )

·         How beautiful  she dance ! ( beautiful = adv )

Beberapa  :grammarians’ atau ahli tata bahasa masih menambahkan dua jenis adverbs lagi berdasarkan fungsinya dalam kalimat, yakni ;

n  AFFIRMATION ADVERBS

Adalah adverb yang berfungsi menegaskan atau mengiyakan suatu pertanyan, seperti :

·         Yes, certainly, surely, etc.

*        Yes,  He still loves you very much

*        Certainly, I will marry you !

*        Surely, my parents agree to our plan. Etc

n  NEGATION ADVERBS

Adalah kata keterangan yang befungsi untuk menyangkal atau memungkiri suatu pernyataan

*        No, Martina can’t speak Dutch very fluently

*        Never,  I don’t promise  her such a gift !. etc 

iii.            FORMS OF ADVERBS

A.      Structural Forms of Adverbs

Kata keterangan ini bisa berupa  sebuah kata tunggal atau sekumpulam kata-kata yang mengandung suatu pengertian (phrase), bisa juga berupa sebuah anak kalimat (clause).

Perhatikan dan bandingkanlah contoh-contoh kalimat dibawah ini :

1.               a.            He died yesterday

b.            He died at sunset

c.             He died when the sun had set

2.            a.            He sings crazily

b.            He sings in a crazy manner

B.      Adverb Formations

1.       Adjective + Ly = adverb

-          Slow                      à slowly

-          Quick                     à quickly

-          Especial                à especially

-          Fast                        à fastly

-          Bad                        à badly

-          Etc.

2.       Adjectives = adverbs

Ada dua jenis kata keterangan  yang mencakup dalam kelompok ini , yakni “adverb of manner” dan “adverb of time’ .

ૂ     Adverb of manner

·         Hard , fast, late, friendly, leisurely, lively, orderly, etc.

Bandingkanlah pemakaiannya dalam kalimat :

Adjectives :

F  He is a hard worker

F  She is a fast learner

F  Sri is a friendly girl

F  Hendra is a leisurely boy. Etc

Adverbs :

F  He works very hard

F  She learns quite fast

F  Sri speaks very friendly

F  Hendra does everything leisurely

ૂ     Adverb of time

·         Early, daily, weekly, monthly. Etc

Bandingkanlah pemakaiannya dalam kalimat :

Adjectives :

F  I try catch the early train

F  This is my daily program

F  I subscribe to weekly magazine

F  This is your monthly payment

Adverbs :

F  I always come home early

F  I pay him daily

F  I send her letter weekly

F  You will be paid monthly

3.       Adjective ≠ Adverb

Ada sebuah ‘adverb of manner’ yang bentuknya berbeda  dengan kata sifatnya. Hal ini bisa dianggap sebagai pengecualian, karena hanya terdapat satu kasus saja, yakni :

Adjective :

I  She is a very good girl

Adverb    :

I  She behaves very well

(Bukan à She behaves very good atau She behaves very goodly)

Bandingkanlah pula  contoh berikut :

·         Mr.Agus is a good educator ………………..( adj)

·         Mr. Agus is a well educated man………….(adv)

Notes :

“well’ dapat juga digunakan sebagai ‘adjective’ khusus untuk menyatakan kesehatan. “well’ dalam hal ini pengertiannya sama dengan ‘fine’ (sehat).

As eg :

A   : Hi, how are you today?

B   : Oh, I’m very well, thank you…..or Oh, I’m  fine…/ bukan : Oh, I’m very good ..

4.       Special Suffixes

·         Wards, wise è adverbs

·         Ever, where, place

Selain dengan akhiran “–ly” beberapa adverbs dapat terbentuk dengan adanya akhiran : -wards,-wise,-ever,-where, and , -place.

Adverbs tersebut adalah :

—  Adverb of direction

·         Wards   : westwards, northwards, eastwards, southwards,

   backwards, downwards,upwards,forwards,onwards, etc.

·         Wise      : counterclockwise, clockwise, otherwise, lengthwest.

Eg :

F  He goes westwards very quickly

F  Tey are circling the pole counterclockwise .

—  Adverb of place

·         Where  : somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, elsewhere, everywhere.

·         Place     : someplace, anyplace, noplace, otherplace. Etc

Eg :

F  They go somewhere  after the lesson

F  I will see you someplace

—  Conjunctive adverb

-      ever       : wherever, however, whosever,forever. Etc 

Eg :

F  I’ll follow you wherever you go

F  All right, I’ll whatever you ask.

5.       Special Prefix : “A”  è Adverb

Awalan ‘A’ juga dapat membentuk kata keterangan. Kebanyakan awalan ini membentuk ‘adverb of direction’.Termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah : along, ahead, aside, away, apart, aloud, etc.

Eg :

F  I turn the steer aside to avoid the collision

F  He walked along the street.

Note :

Awalah  ‘a-‘ juga dapat membentuk kata sifat : alive, asleep, aware, etc.

Eg :

F  He is not dead ! he is still alive.

F  She is asleep. Etc.

iv.            POSITION OF ADVERBS

1.       INITIAL POSITION    : Posisi awal, yakni posisi ata kedudukan kata keterangan terletak sebelum/ didepan subject, dengan penekanan arti yang paling besar.

2.       MID-POSITION          : Posisi tengah, yakni posisi kata keterangan yang terletak didepan kata kerja/ predikat suatu kalimat.

3.       FINAL POSITION       : Posisi akhir,  yakni posisi kata keterangan yang terletak sesudah/ dibelakang kata kerja/ predikat + object/ complement suatu kalimat. Dalam posisi ini adverb mendapat penekanan yang kurang kuat dibanding dengan posisi awal , namun mendapat penekanan yang lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan adverb pada posisi tengah.

Bandingkanlah !!!

∆        Frequently Nova gives me a bunch of flowers

∆        Nova frequently gives me a bunch of flowers

∆        Nova gives me a bunch of flower frequently

Bandingkan pula kalimat berikut ini :

∆        Obviously , He did not see that accident

∆        He did not see that accident obviously

Dalam kalimat 1 merupakan ‘sentence adverb’ yang menempati ‘initial position’ berfungsi menerangkan isi kalimat  : He did not see that accident, secara keseluruhan

Dalam kalimat 2, menempati ‘final position’ dan hanya khusus menerangkan kata kerja see  dan berrfungsi sebagai ‘adverb of manner’.

Untuk membuktikan betapa pentingnya positions of adverbs dalam suatu kalimat, bandingkan pula kata only  yang dapat berfungsi sebagai distinguishing adverb atau kata keterangan pembeda :

Bedakanlah :

o   Only  Jojon kissed the girl yesterday

o   Jojon only kissed the girl yesterday

o   Jojon kissed only  the girl yesterday

o   Jojon kissed the only girl yesterday

o   Jojon kissed the girl only yesterday.

o   Jojon kissed the girl yesterday only.

·         Pada kalimat 1 tekanan adalah pada Jojon bahwa hanya dia yang ‘kissed the girl’. Bukan Piano, Mery, etc

·         Pada kalimat 2, menekankan bahwa Jojon hanya melakukan ‘kissed the girl’ dan tidak lainnya. Dia tidak menampar, memaki, memukul, etc

·         Pada kalimat 3, Jojon tidak mencium Kambing, nenek ataupun kakek. Dia hanya mencium si gadis saja

·         The only  girl , satu-satunya gadis, seperti yang tertera pada kalimat 4 adalah yang Jojon cium kemarin

·         Penekanan pada kalimat 5 dan 6 adalah sama yakni pada kata ‘yesterday’.

Posisi Masing-Masing adverb

CHART OF ADVERB POSITIONS

NO	*  à Most usual position / posisi yang paling umum     V  à Other possible position / kemungkinan yang lain
	TYPES OF ADVERBS	Initial Position	Mid- Position	Final Position
1	Adverb of manner	v	v	*
2	Adverb of place	v	-	*
3	Adverb of direction		-	*
4	Adverb of time a)      Difinite b)      Indefinite	V *	- V	* v
5	Adverb of frequency	v	*	V
6	Adverb of degree	Before the word intensified
7	Sentence adverb	*	V	V
8	Conjunctive adverb	*	*	v

§      Adverb of manner / kata keterangan cara

Mr. Agus speaks English slowly and clearly (*)

Mr.Agus slowly and clearly speaks English (v)

Slowly and clearly Mr.Agus speaks English (v)

§      Adverb of place / kata keterangan tempat

He spent his holidays in Bali  (*)

There  sat a nice-looking girl of my dream (v)

§      Adverb of direction /kata keterangan arah

All student turned around (*)

Upstair I go and sleep. (v)

§      Adverb of time / kata keterangan waktu

§  Definite / tertentu

I saw a film at Mitra last night (*)

He was born in 1995. (v)

§  Indefinite / tak tentu

We recently  developed a new method of teaching. (*)

Recently we developed a new method of teaching . (v)

§      Adverb of frequency / kata keterangan frekuensi

We always come on time. (*)

Sometimes He sends me a card. (v)

§      Adverb of degree/ kata keterangan tingkat

Ani speaks very softly. (*)

Sri has done the homework completely. (v)

§      Sentence adverb / kata keterangan yang menerangkan kalimat

Obviously he will not marry that girl. (*)

He obviously will not marry that girl. (v)

He will not marry that girl,obviously. (v)

§      Conjunctive adverb / kata keterangan konjungtif

I’m very busy now. Therefore I can not help you. (*)

She is so tired. She needs a rest therefore. (v)

PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. (Webster’s Dictionary). Kata depan adalah kata yang dipergunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara kata benda atau kata ganti benda dengan suatu kata yang lain dalam sebuah kalimat.

i.            FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS

Seperti yang tertera dalam definisi diatas, kata depan berfungsi menghubungkan kata benda atau kata ganti benda dengan kata lain dalam suatu kalimat. Yang dimaksud dengan kata lain  berupa : noun, verb, adjective, participle, and verb participle.

1)      Connecting noun to other noun

·         I have talked to that girl in her house

·         He parks his car under the tree

2)      Connecting noun to a verb

·         I always arrive at home early

·         That man lives near my house

3)      Connecting noun to an adjective F

·         He is very  successful in his business

·         The child is very  afraid of a dog

4)      Connecting noun to participle

·         I’m very interested in classical musics

·         He is frustrated for the failure

5)      Connecting noun in a verb participle

·         He stands up near the door

·         She was left behind near an old house

ii.            FORMS OF PREPOSITIONS

Secara keseluruhan bentuk ‘prepositions’ dapat dibagi dalam 3 kategori utama yakni kata depan berupa kata tunggal, kata majemuk dan phrase/ frase.

1.       Single Word Prepositions

Yakni, kata depan yang terbentuk dari satu kata saja.

Eg :

ü  Aboard                 = diatas, naik                      * They went aboard the ship

ü  About                   = tentang                            * He is talking about the trip

ü  Above                   = diatas                                                * The lamp above your head is broken

ü  After                     = sesudah                           * The BANK is across the street

ü  Against                 = terhadap                          * I am leaning against the well

ü  Among                 = diantara (banyak)         * He is the best among those boys

ü  Around                 = disekitar                           * We live around that corner

ü  Along                    =disepanjang                     * He is walking along the pavement

ü  At                           = di/ pada                            * They arrive at the station early

ü  Before                 = sebelum                           * I pray before the exam

ü  Behind                 = dibelakang                      * He lives behind the Hotel

ü  Below                   = dibawah                           * It is 5⁰C below the freezing point

ü  Beneath               = dibawah                           * Your ruler is beneath that book

ü  Beside                 = diamping                          * He was buried beside his late wife

ü  Between             = diantara (dua)                                * I sit down between Irma and Sri

ü  Beyond                                = diluar                                 * It is beyond my power

ü  But                         = kecuali/ selain                                * We have to speak no word but English

ü  By                           = oleh/ dengan                 * They come here by car                             

ü  Down                    = ke bawah/ ke                 *  He goes down the street

ü  During                   = selama                              * She falls asleep during the meeting

ü  Etc.

Terdapat juga ‘ single word prepositions’ yang terrbentuk dari kata kerja bentuk ‘ing’ (ing participle).

ü  Borring                                                 = kecuali              * I still want to do it borring a prohibitions

ü  Concerning                         = mengenai        * There is no complaintconcerning the

    survice in that Hotel

ü  Considering                        = mengingat       * Considering the high cost,everything  is

    expensive here

ü  Excepting                            = terkecuali        * excepting his last Novel,everybody admires

                                                                                    all his masterpieces

ü  Excluding                             = termasuk         * This tariff is excluding the meal

ü  Including                              = termasuk         * He invites all his friends including his exfiancee

ü  Nothwithstanding           = meskipun        * He comes notwithstanding the rain

   morning pendinghis arrival

ü  Regarding                            = berkenan         * I can’t employ you in this company regarding

    the high salary you ask

ü  Respecting                          = mengenai        * Respecting that matter. I’ll discuss it further

   with my life

ü  Etc.

2.       Compound Prepositions

Yakni, kata depan yang terbentuk dari gabungan dua kata depan tunggal atau lebih namun masih mencerminkan satu pemikiran tunggal untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara noun/ pronoun denngan kata lain dalam suatu kalimat.

Eg :

ü  Along with          = bersama dengan          * Please, come here again tomorrow along

   with your sister

ü  Down into           = menuju ke                      * We are talking about the everything, from

   general down into the specific problem

ü  Except for           = terkecuali                        * Except for this mistake, everything is alright

ü  From above        = dari atas                           *He fell down from about the tree

ü  Outside of           = disebelah luar                                * You can a beautiful garden outside of

    that old house

ü  In  between       = diantara                            * There is a big quarrel in between those two ladies

ü  Out of                   = diluar dari                        * He puts this matter out of his considerations

ü  Etc.

3.       Phrasal Prepositions

Yakni, kata depan yang terbentuk dari gabungan kata depan dengan jenis kata  yang lain seperti : adjective, adverb, conjunctions, verb, etc. Namun masih digunakan sebagai satu kesatuan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara nouns/ pronouns dengan unsur-unsur lain dalam suatu kalimat.

Eg :

ü  According to       = menurut          * According to my opinion….

ü  As for                    = kalau                  * as for me, I won’t to do it that way

ü  Away from          = jauh dari           * Many young men like to stay away from from

   their parents

ü  In addition to     = selain dari        * He still plays musics at night in addition to his daily job

ü  For the sake of  = demi                  * You have to stop smoking for the sake of your own health

ü  In case of             = jika/ andaikan                * Please contact me immediately in case of emergency !

ü  I front of              = didepan            * I met my old friend in front of theatre

ü  Etc.

iii.            USES OF PREPOSITIONS

Mengamati secara mnyeluruh dan seksama. Kita bisa mengelompokkan pemakaian  preposition dalam 3 kategori yang berlainan, yakni ;

1.       Independent uses / pemakaian lepas

Independent atau ‘lepas’ dalam arti bahwa preposition yang kita gunakan tidak terikat pada kata lain yang mendahului kata depan tersebut. Jadi, hanya factor ‘arti’ semata yang memegang peranan. Namun, dilain pihak kata depan tersebut, masih tetap menunjukkan hubungan ‘noun’ dan ‘pronoun’ dengan jenis kata yang lain dalan suatu kalimat. Perhatikan contoh :

	On In Besides Under Away from Next to

 

 

®  I put my book                                    the table

	Around To Inside Out of Near In to Through Away from

 

®  He goes                                        the city

2.       Fixed uses / pemakaian yang pasti

Dikatakan ‘fixed’ atau ‘pasti’ karena kata depan yang digunakan tidak bisa digantikan oleh yang lain, karena sudah terikat oleh ‘verb’, ‘nouns’, ‘adjectives’, or ‘participles’ yang mendahuluinya. Kehadiran ‘preposition’ didepan noun atau pronoun untuk menghubungkannya dengan ‘noun’, ‘verb’, ‘adjective’ and ‘participle’ yang terdapat didepannya sangatlah diperlukan. Sebab tanpa preposition tersebut suatu  kalimat akan kehilangan pengertiannya yang baik. Ikatan  hubungan tersebut secara keseluruhan dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut :

 

PARTICIPLE

 

³  This car belongs to that lady. (Verb-Prep-noun)

³  She is courleus to everybody. (Adj-Prep-Noun)

³  I pay attention to this girl. (Noun-Prep-Noun)

³  I am accustomed to this method. (Partpl-Prep-Noun)

|  Fixed uses of preposition related to “Verbs”

õ    Dengan preposition “AT”

-          Frown at ( on, upon)                      = cemberut pada

-          Gaze at ( on, upon )                        = menatap pada

-          Aim at                                                   = mengarahkan pada

-          Glance at                                             = melihat sekilas pada

-          Hint at                                                   = mengisyaratkan pada

-          Laugh at                                               = menertawakan

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         Taufik only glance at the boy standing next to her

·         I can not laugh at his dirty joke.

õ    Dengan preposition “OF”

-          Admit of                                              = mengakui

-          Bewere of                                           = hati-hati/ awas

-          Approve of                                         = menyetujui pada

-          Despair of ( over)                             =putus asa terhadap

-          Etc.

Eg  :

·         Indonesia consist of thousand of islands

·         My mind peints blank. I can not think of other ideas.

õ    Dengan preposition “FOR”

-          Call for                                                  = memerlukan/ menghendaki

-          Care for                                                                = memelihara/ mengurus/ suka

-          Cry for                                                  = menangisi

-          Leave for                                             = berangkat menuju

-          Look for                                               = mencari

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         This young man qualifies for this job

·         Oh, dear. You don’t know how much I long for  you

õ    Dengan preposition “TO”

-          Accede                  to                                           = mengabulkan/ menyetujui

-          Accure to                                             = bertambah/ memperoleh

-          Aspire to                                              = bercita- cita

-          Belong to                                             = menghukum

-          Replay to                                             = menjawab

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         Irma agrees to my idea of getting married soon

·         That old lady prefers to  tea to coffee.

õ    Dengan preposition “ON” / “UPON”

-          Act on / upon                                    = bertindak berdasarkan

-          Bestow on                                          = menganugerahkan

-          Border on / upon                             = berbatas pada

-          Live on                                                  = hidup dengan

-          Shine on                                              = bersinar

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         Your future completely depends on your own effort

·         We can rely on his honesty to keep our money

õ    Dengan preposition “WITH”

-          Join with                                              = ikut serta dengan

-          Part with                                              = melepaskan/ menjual

-          Help with                                             = membantu dengan

-          Unite with                                           = bersatu

-          Reason with                                       = berunding

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         We may not interfere with him in his personal affairs

·         That house is furnished with modern conveniences

õ    Dengan preposition “FROM”

-          Differ from                                         = berbeda dari

-          Deter from                                         = menghalangi dari

-          Rise from                                             = bangkit

-          Drop from                                           = menjatuhkan diri

-          Result from                                        = disebabkan oleh

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         That girls suffers from a contagious disease

·         My father retired from the Navy in 1993

õ    Dengan preposition “IN”

-          Believe in                            = percaya pada

-          End in                                    = berakhir

-          Concur in                             = setuju dengan

-          Excel in                                 = unggul dalam

-          Result in                               = berakibat dengan

-          Persist in                              =teguh dalam

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         All of us believe in that God

·         They refuse to participate in that activity

õ    Dengan preposition “AGAINST”

-          Immunize against            = kebal terhadap

-          Vote for                               = memberikan suara untuk/ memilih

-          Struggle against                                = berjuang melawan

-          Etc.

Eg :

·         I vote against that proposal

·         Many people in the world struggle agains proverty

õ    Dengan preposition “BETWEEN”

-          Arbiter between              = mengadili/ mengambil keputusan

-          Discriminate between   = membeda-bedakan antara

-          Distinguish between      = membedakan antara

-          Intervene between        = campur tangan diantara

-          Judge between                                = menilai/ mempertimbangkan antara

Eg :

·         He can not distinguish between ‘phrase’ and ‘clouse’

·         We must able to discriminate between ‘business’ and ‘friendship’

|  Fixed uses of prepositions related to “Adjective”

õ    Dengan preposition “FROM”

-          Absent from                      = absen dari

-          Different from                  = berbeda dengan

-          Free from                            = bebas dari

-          Safe from                            = aman dari

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “AT”

-          Expert at (in)                      = ahli dalam

-          Good at (good for)          = pandai dalam

-          Present at                           = hadir

-          Quick at (in)                        = cepat dalam

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “FOR”

-          Sorry for                              = menyesal

-          Enough for                          = cukup untuk

-          Bound for                            = menuju ke

-          Fit for                                    = pas/ sesuai untuk

-          Famous for                         = terrkenal akan

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “WITH”

-          Angry with                          = marah pada

-          Commensurate with      = sepadan dengan

-          Comparable with             = sebanding dengan

-          Compatible with               = lengkap dengan

-          Familiar with                      = tidak asing lagi dengan

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “OF”

-          Abreast of                           = mengikuti

-          Afraid of                              = takut

-          Aware of                             = sadar

-          Bostful of                            = sombong akan

-          Copable of                          = mampu/ bisa

-          Jealous of                            = cemburu pada

-          Rid of                                    = bebas/ lepas dari

õ    Dengan preposition “TO”

-          Natural to                            = wajar bagi

-          Generous to                      = murah hati pada

-          Hateful to                            = benci pada

-          Essential to                         = berguna bagi

-          Averse to                            = menentang pada

-          Etc.

|  Fixed uses of prepositions related to “Nouns”

õ    Dengan preposition ‘FOR”

-          Affection for                      = rasa kasih sayang pada

-          Pity for                                 = rasa kasihan

-          Anxiety for                         = risau pada

-          Axcuse for                          = alas an untuk

-          Taste for                              = selera

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “WITH”

-          Accordance with              = sesuai dengan

-          Accuaintance with           = sahabat dengan

-          Connection with               = hubungan dengan

-          Enmity with                        = permusuhan dengan

-          Peace                                    = perdamaian dengan

-          Relation with                     = hubungan dengan

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “TO”

-          Attachment to                  = rasa kasih sayang terhadap

-          Attention to                       = perhatian pada

-          Claim to                                = tuntutan pada

-          Duty to                                 = kewajiban terhadap

-          Traitor to                             = penghianatan bagi

-          Etc.

õ    Dengan preposition “AGAINST”

-          Complaint against            = keluhan terhadap

-          Precaution against           = tindakan berjaga-jaga terhadap

-          Prejudice against             = prasangka terhadap

-          Prohibition against          = larangan terhadap

-          Etc .

|  Fixed uses of prepositions related to “Participles”

“Particple” adalah bentuk kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi  dan sifat sebagai ‘verb’ atau ‘adjective’. Sedangkan ‘participle adjective-(ed)’ dalam jalinan : “Participle-Preposition-Noun” juga memerlukan kata depan yang sudah pasti atau tertentu yang tidak bisa diganti dengan yang lain.

Eg :

-          Absorbed in                       = asyik/ terpikat dengan

-          Accustomed to                 = terbiasa dengan

-          Acquainted with               = kenal dengan

-          Adapted to ( for)              = disesuaikan dengan

-          Addicted to                        = kecanduan dengan

-          Alarmed at (by)                                = dikejutkan oleh

-          Afflicted by                         = dirundung oleh

-          Composed for                   = terdiri dari

-          Etc.

Þ     We have already been accustomed to his procedure

Þ     My wife is interested musics very much

Þ     My shoes are covered with mud

3.       Idiomatic uses / pemakaian bersifat khusus

õ    Dengan kata kerja “ACT”

-          ACT= TO= BEHAVE= PERFORM = bertingkah/ melakukan

-          ACT FORM          =bertindak atas nama

-          ACT ON                = mengurus

-          ACT UP                                 = tidak menyenangkan

õ    Dengan kata kerja “BREAK”

-          BREAK = TO CRACK = TO SMASH                               =memecahkan/ merusak

-          BREAK DOWN                                                    =  memerinci/ mogok

-          BREAK IN = TO ENTER BY FORCE                = mendobrak

-          BREAK OFF = TO CUT = TO SEPARATE      = memutuskan/ memisahkan

-          BREAK OUT                                                         = berkobar

-          BREAK UP = TO STOP                                      = menghentikan/ memisahkan

õ    Dengn kata kerja “BRING”

-          BRING = to come with some thing or person from another place = membawa

-          BRING ABOUT = TO CAUSE                          = menyebabkan/ menimbulkan

-          BRING AONG= TO TAKE= TO INVITE        =membawa/ mengajak

-          BRING FORWARD                                            = mengemukakan/ menampilkan

-          BRING UP= TO RAISE                                      = membesarkan, mengasuh, mendidik

-          BRING ON= TO CAUSE                                   = menyebabkan

õ    Dengan kata kerja “CALL”

-          CALL                                                                      = memanggil

-          CALL UP= TO TELEPHONE= TO PHONE    = menelepon

-          CALL IN= TO INVITE TO COME                    = mengundang datang

-          CALL ON= VISIT                                                 = singgah/ mampir

-          CALL OFF= TO CANCEL                                   =  membatalkan

-          CALL FOR                                                             = menghampiri/ memerlukan/ menghendaki

-          CALL DOWN= TO REPRIMEND                    = memaki

-          CALL OUT= TO SHOUT                                    = berteriak

õ    Dengan kata kerja “COME”

-          COME                                                                   = datang

-          COME ABOUT= HAPPEN= OCCUR             =terjadi

-          COME ACROSS= TO FIND                              = menemukan/ menjumpai

-          COME AFTER= TO FETCH                               = menjemput/ menganbil

-          COME AROUND= TO CALL ON                    = mampir/ singgah

-          COME BEFORE                                                   = menghadap

-          COME BY                                                             = mampir/ lewat didekat

-          COME FORWARD                                             =  tampil kemuka

-          COME FROM= TO ORIGINATE FROM       = berasal

-          COME OFF= LOOSE= FALL                            = lepas/ jatuh/ gugur

õ    Dengan kata kerja “GET”

-          GET= TO OBTAIN= TO GAIN                        =memperoleh

-          GET ALONG WITH                                            = bergaul

-          GET BEHIND                                                       = ketinggalan

-          GET OFF                                                               = turun/ berangkat

-          GET OVER= TO RECOVER FROM                 = sembuh dari

-          GET THROUGH= TO FINISH                          = menyelesaikan

-          GET UP= WAKE UP                                          = bangun

õ    Dengan kata “GIVE”

-          GIVE                                                                      = memberI

-          GIVE IN                                                                                = menyerahkan/ mengalah

-          GIVE OUT= TO DISTRIBUTE                          = membagi-bagikan

-          GIVE UO= TO STOP= TO SURRENDER      = berhenti/ menyerah

õ    Dengan kata “LOOK”

-          LOOK= SEEM= APPEAR                                  = Nampak/ kelihatan

-          LOOK AT                                                              = melihat

-          LOOK FOR                                                           = mencari

-          LOOK AFTER= TO TAKE CARE OF                                = menjaga/ merawat

-          LOOK UPON=TO REGARD=TO CONSIDER= menganggap

-          LOOK DOWN= TO UNDERSTIMATE           = meremehkan

-          LOOK OUT= WATCH OUT                              = awas/ hati-hati

-          LOOK OVER= TO REVIEW                              = memeriksa kembali

-          LOOK FORWARD TO= to expect with pleasure= mengharap dengan senang hati

õ    Dengan kata kerja “PUT”

-          PUT= TO PLACE IN                                           = meletakkan

-          PUT OFF= TO POSTPONE= TO DELAY       = menunda

-          PUT ON= TO WEAR                                         = mengenakan/ memakai

-          PUT ON= TO EXTINGUISH                            = memadamkan

-          PUT FORWARD= TO EXPRESS                      = mengemukakan

-          PUT UP WITH= TO STAND= TO BEAR       = membetah- betahkan

õ    Dengan kata kerja “RUN”

-          RUN                                                                                       = berlari

-          RUN AFTER= TO CHASE                                                 = mengejar

-          RUN ACROSS= TO MEET RO FIND BY CHANCE      = tak sengaja bertemu

-          RUN INTO= TO HIT= TO CRASH                                  = menabrak

-          RUN OUT OF                                                                      = kehabisan

-          RUN OVER= TO KNOCK OVER                                     = melindas/ menggilas

õ    Dengan kata kerja “TURN”

-          TURN                                                                                    = berbelok

-          TURN ARROUND= TO TURN ABOUT                        = menoleh/ berpaling

-          TURN DOWN= TO REJECT= TO REFUSE                   = menolak

-          TURN ON ...TURN OFF                           =menghidupkan...mematikan

-          TURN INTO= TO CHANGE INTO                                  = berubah menjadi

-          TURN UP= TO APPEAR= TO MAKE LOUDER          = muncul/ mengeraskan

CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunction is a word used to join or connect words or sentences. Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung atau menghubungkan kata-kata atau kalimat atas dasar fungsi ini pada CONNECTIVES.

i.            FUNCTIONS OF CONJUNCTIONS

1.       Connecting Structural Units

A.      Parts of speech

◘       Noun to noun

◘       Verb to verb

◘       Adjective to adjective

◘       Adverb to adverb

◘       Pronoun to pronoun

◘       Preposition to preposition

◘       Conjunction to conjunction

B.      Phrase to phrase

C.      Clause to clause

D.      Sentence to sentence

2.       Connecting Functional Units

A.      Subject kalimat

-          To be or not to be becomes my serious problem

-          Irma and I agreed to get married soon

B.      Predikat kalimat

-          That boy slipped and fell down from the tree

-          I certainly will and must get what I want

C.      Object kalimat

-          I hate you and all the rest of your family

-          I will take him or her to a party

D.      Modifiers pada suatu kalimat

-          Virna is beautiful and elegant     (adjective)

-          That new employee works well and fast               (adverbs)

-          My fiencee who loves musics and who admires fine arts will continue her study in a university   ( adjective clause)

ii.            CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONJUNCTIONS

1.       Coordinating Conjunctions / kata sambung sederajat

Kelompok kata sambung ini befungsi merangkaikan unit- unit structural yang sederajat, yakni menghubungkan parts of speech, phrases, clause and sentences.

Coordinating conjunctions secara keseluruhan dapat dibagi dalam 4 kelompok yang berbeda, yakni :

n  Kelompok “AND”

Kata sambung kelompok  ini berfungsi menambahkan suatu unit atau pernyataan pada unit lain yang dirangkai.

-          And                                        = dan

He sells his car and I buy it

-          As well as                            = dan juga

I invite my friends as well as my teacher to my wedding party

-          And also                               = dan juga

Give it to him and also to her !

-          Again                                     = lagi/ lagi pula

Ahe is lazy, again, she is foolish

-          Besides                                                = disamping itu

He is rich, beside, he is very smart

-          Both……and                        = dan

Weni is both beautiful and elegant

-          Likewise                               = seperti pula

Adi likewise his father is honest

-          Moreover                           = lebih lagi

You are sick, moreover, you are weak

-          Etc.

n  Kelompok “BUT”

Berfungsi menyatakan sesuatu yang berlawanan atau yang kontras/ betentangan diantara dua unit yang dirangkai.

-          BUT                                        = tetapi

I hate very much but I love her

-          DESPITE                                = meskipun

That girl is honest, despite she is poor

-          HOWEVER                           = namun

He is rich, however he very close-fisted

-          IN SPITE OF                         = meskipun

I go to school, in spite of the fact that I am sick

-          NOTWITHSTANDING      = meskipun

Notwithstanding my sickness, I force my self to go to school

-          ONLY                                     = asalkan saja

Take her out, only do not spoil her

-          STILL                                      = namun

He lives far away, still, he comes on time

-          THOUGH                              = meskipun

I respect her, though I hate her

-          NEVERTHELESS                  = meskipun demikian

He is broke, nevertheless he is happy

-          WHERE AS                           = sedangkan

He hates Irma, whereas I loves him so much

-          YET                                         = namun

This car is cheap, yet, I still good

n  Kelompok “OR”

Coordinating conjunctions kelompok ini menyatakan suatu pilihan diantara dua unit atau pernyataan yang dirangkaikan.

-          OR                                          = atau

Sri or Windy will help you tomorrow

-          EITHER….OR                       = juga…. Atau

Either Adi or Ida will help you tomorrow

-          OR ELSE                                = atau

Gime your money,or else I will kill you

-          OTHERWISE                        = jika tidak

Put your gun down, otherwise I will shoot you

-          NEITHER….NOR                 = tidak juga…atau

He neither speaks not writes  the Javanese language very well

-          NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO    = tidak hanya..tetapi juga

He wrote not only novels but also poems.

n  Kelompok “SO”

-          SO                                          = maka

He comes late, so he missed the train

-          SO THAT                               = sehingga

My car broke down, so that I could not continue my journey

-          ACCORDINGLY                  = oleh karena itu

I am so tired, accordingly I can’t concentrate my mind on this matter

-          CONSEQUENTLY               = maka dari itu, sebagai akibatnya

He is so lazy, consequently he fails the examination

-          HENCE                                  = karena itu

I am very busy today, hance I can help you

-          THEREFORE                         = karena itu

He work so hard, therefore he is exhausted

-          THUS                                     = jadi

She is sick, thus she can’t come here

2.       Subordinating conjunctions

Fungsi utama kata sambung kelompok ini adalah untuk mengsubordinasikan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimatnya.

v  Menyatakan ‘time’

-          After                                     = sesudah

I will sleep after I take a bath

-          Before                                  = sebelum

He won’t go home before he finishes his work

-          Until                                      = sampai

She will wait until you come

-          Etc.

v  Menyatakan ‘cause/reason’

-          Because                               = sebab

He come late because there was a traffic congestion

-          Since                                     = sebab

I will sell my car since I have no money

-          As                                           = karena

He died as he suffered from serious illness

-          Etc.

v  Menyatakan ‘condition’

-          If                                             = jika

I will go if the rain stops

-          Unless                                  = kecuali jika

You will fail the exam unless you study harder than before

v  Menyatakan ‘ manner/ extent’

-          As                                           = seperti

I will do as you have told me

-          As if                                       = seolah

He acts as if he were crazy

-          So far as                               = sepanjang

So far as I know, he is completely right

v  Menyatakan ‘comparison’

-          As                                           = seperti

She is as ugly as my wife

-          Than                                      = daripada

I am younger than you are

v  Menyatakan ‘ result’

-          So that                                  = sehingga

I am tired so that I can not study well

I am so tired than I can not study well

v  Menyatakan ‘concession/ contrast’

-          Although                             = meskipun

I’ll go although it’s still raining

-          Though                                 = walaupun

He won’t give up though he is defeated

-          However                             = namun

He is rich, however he is close-fisted

v  Menyatakan ‘purpose’

-          That                                       = agar/ supaya

He run fast that he might not be late

-          In order that                      = agar

I run fast in other that I can be on time

-          Lest                                        =agar tidak

I must go now lest I come to school  late

-          Etc.

iii.            FORMS OF CONJUNCTION

1)      Single Word Conjunctions

-          After

-          Accordingly

-          Although

-          Again

-          As

-          And

-          Because

-          Before

-          Beside

-          But

-          Consequently

-          Despite

-          For

-          Etc.

2)      Compound Conjunctions

-          As if

-          As though

-          As well as

-          As far as

-          If only

-          In case

-          Now that

-          Only that

-          Or else

-          So far as

-          Etc.

3)      Correlative conjunctions

-          Both….and                          = kedua-duanya…dan

My wife is both beautiful and loyal

-          Not only…but also           = tidak hanya…tetapi juga

Not only he students but also all the teachers admire her

-          Either…or                            = juga… atau

I don’t trust either you or your brother

-          Neither….. nor                  =  tidak juga….tidak pula

I love neither Estu nor Rehan

-          Whether….or                     = apakah…atau

I ask whether Budi or Bambang will go fishing

INTERJECTIONS

An interjection is a word solely designed to convey emotion.

Eg :

-          Oh ! i’ve lost my key

-          He ! wht the hell are you doing here in my room?

-          Alas ! finally he was killed in that accident

-          Hurrah ! we succeed at last ! we win the Thomas Cup again!

-          Huss ! don’t make me so much noise

-          Ah ! there they are!

Beberapa kata seru lainnya :

ü  Gy golly !                             = astaga

ü  By jove !                              = masya allah!  Astaga

ü  Bullshit                                 = busyet ! omong kosong

ü  Oh my god!                        = ya TUHA!

ü  Thanks god!                       = syukur Alhamdulillah

ü  For heaven sake!             = ya allah !

ü  Good heavens !                                = masya allah ..

ü  Damn it !                              = persetan !!

ü  Wow…!

ü  Ochhh..!

ü  Whew…!

ü  Etc.

BAB III

PENUTUP

Kesimpulan

Parts of  Speech adalah jenis-jenis kata atau kelas-kelas kata. Disebut  demikian karena bagian-bagian kata tersebut merupakan suatu system yang diperlukan untuk membentuk sebuah kalimat tanpa melihat tugas dan fungsinya masing-masing.

Saran

Marilah kita lebih mempelajari BAHASA INGGRIS sebagaimana yang kita tahu bahwa bahasa inggris adalah bahasa INTERNASIONAL.